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The Hague Rules of 1924 (formally the "International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, and Protocol of Signature")〔http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html〕 is an international convention to impose minimum standards upon commercial carriers of goods by sea. Previously, only the common law〔''Liver Alkali v Johnson'' (1874) LR 9 Exch 338〕〔http://www.lawandsea.net/COG/COG_Seaworthiness_3_absolute.html〕 〔''Glynn v Margetson'' () AC 351 () 1 KB 660〕〔http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/G/Glynn_v_Margetson_1893_AC_351.html〕provided protection to cargo-owners; but the Hague Rules should not be seen as a "consumers' charter" for shippers because the 1924 Convention actually favoured carriers and reduced some of their obligations to shippers. The Hague Rules represented the first attempt by the international community to find a workable and uniform means of dealing with the problem of shipowners regularly excluding themselves from all liability for loss or damage to cargo. The objective of the Hague Rules has to establish a minimum mandatory liability of carriers which could be derogated from. Under the Hague Rules the shipper bears the cost of lost/damaged goods if they cannot prove that the vessel was unseaworthy, improperly manned or unable to safely transport and preserve the cargo, i.e. the carrier can avoid liability for risks resulting from human errors provided they exercise due diligence and their vessel is properly manned and seaworthy. These provisions have frequently been the subject of discussion between shipowners and cargo interests on whether they provide an appropriate balance in liability. The Hague Rules form the basis of national legislation in almost all of the world's major trading nations, and probably cover more than 90 per cent of world trade. The Hague Rules have been updated by two protocols, but neither addressed the basic liability provisions, which remain unchanged.〔http://www.bws.dk/conditions/sea-transport/hague-rules.aspx〕 The Hague Rules were later amended very slightly to become the Hague-Visby Rules. In addition, the United Nations has established a fairer and more modern set of rules, the Hamburg Rules. Also a much more radical and extensive set of rules is the Rotterdam Rules, but as of November 2015, only 3 states have ratified these rules, so they are not yet in force.〔The Jackson Parton Miscellany, 2nd ed., 2012〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hague Rules」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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